Northern Virginia Criminal Justice Academy (NVCJA) Exam 1 Practice

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• Localities can pass loitering prohibitions for minors during which hours?
• Probable cause can be established through officer via which aspect?
• Judges are presented with rules of evidence and proof beyond reasonable doubt. Which option correctly reflects this statement?
• Communication of probable cause to magistrate requires which action?
• In the described search procedure, which area is searched first?
• Which is an exception to double jeopardy?
• What is the continuum of proof for a guilty verdict in civil court?
• Emergency vehicles use lights but not sirens when?
• Under 46.2-646, when may an officer stop a vehicle for registration?
• Which statement best describes the standard used to evaluate police use of force in Graham v Connor?
• Which of the following describes Class 2 Misdemeanor penalties?
• What information is included in a Wanted Person Check?
• Which statement describes Class 5 Felony penalties?
• What is the most important case law governing use of force?
• Virginia does not permit monetary lawsuits against itself and local governments except
• Actus reus refers to what?
• What is the standard of proof in civil cases?
• Ordinances are laws enacted by
• Which statement best reflects the policy on unauthorized use of criminal records?
• The Fifth Amendment protects against compelled self-incrimination.
• In NCIC Missing Persons, which category is for a person with a physical or mental disability?
• What does 'due regard for safety' require when performing duties?
• Which resources are listed for suspicious subject terrorism resources?
• Which factors determine the use of discretion?
• In the three elements of an arrest, which component refers to the seizure?
• Which phrase describes the authority to inquire into crashes under the cited code?
• What is VCIN?
• What is the primary purpose of a Terry stop?
• Graham v Connor is the controlling case for excessive force in which constitutional context?
• Which action is typical for obtaining civil relief in monetary disputes?
• Audiences that may need adjustments in communication include which of the following?
• Reasonable suspicion allows for?
• Mens rea refers to what?
• Which is the third prong of the objective reasonableness standard's three-prong test?
• A BOLO for a vehicle includes which details?
• Why is effective communication important for law enforcement officers?
• Virginia code 15.2-1425 grants local government the ability to
• Probable cause established through senses includes which of the following?
• In civil matters, which entity is commonly involved in guiding court actions and filings?
• Which option is NOT listed as a source of assistance in civil matters?
• Describe a pat down?
• Which statement accurately describes bail considerations?
• Common law is best described as
• What does Signal 1 indicate?
• Excessive force claims should be analyzed through which standard?
• Which sequence correctly lists the steps for a felony case?
• Which statement accurately describes the number of defendants in sections 242 and 241 cases?
• Which organization provides lawyer referrals for civil matters?
• A pat down is limited to which area?
• The good faith defense is not available in which scenario?
• What is the primary objective of civil law?
• What is a primary function of judges in criminal cases?
• Courts may award which combination of damages?
• Which option describes Class 3 Felony punishment?
• What is a primary purpose of conducting a suspicious subject stop?
• Probable cause can be established through the suspect by their what?
• What characterizes a concurrent sentence?
• Which era followed 9/11 and emphasized profiling and stop-and-frisk?
• Which amendments guide law enforcement?
• Under Vehicle Code 46.2-373, when must an accident investigation report be submitted?
• Which activities are part of roll call?
• Compensatory damages are described as?
• Which statement best describes reasonable suspicion?
• Which item is NOT included in VCIN information?
• Which statement correctly describes Class 6 Felony punishment?
• Which statement best describes liability when emergency drivers act with reckless disregard?
• Which court is the highest trial court in Virginia?
• With reasonable suspicion for a stop, police may do which action?
• What is the purpose of bail or bond?
• What does NCIC stand for?
• The 10th Amendment outlines authority under which states organize LE agencies.
• Which statement about mediation services is correct?
• Which statement best describes concurrent versus consecutive sentences?
• For a civil case under 42 U.S.C. 1983, which element must be present?
• Under 46.2-334.01, when can a minor drive between midnight and 4 am?
• Constitutional guarantees impact LE in which area?
• Which statement best defines a felony?
• Reasonable suspicion is defined as?
• Which of the following best describes Class 4 Felony punishment?
• Investigatory detention includes which of the following?
• Magistrates issue which kind of warrants?
• Which statement is an example of a consensual encounter?
• Ordinances differ from statutes in that ordinances are enacted by which level of government?
• Which option would best satisfy probable cause for arrest?
• Under the accident report requirement, which statement is incorrect?
• Use of force must be weighed by a reasonable person under the same totality of circumstances in that moment, without the benefit of 20/20 hindsight.
• An arrest consists of three elements. Which of the following is NOT one of them?
• Which item is included in a BOLO for a person?
• Which is the second prong of the objective reasonableness standard's three-prong test?
• What is the minimum required insurance coverage under 46.2-472?
• How is excessive force defined under the governing standard?
• Not an element of a Section 1983 claim?
• During a consensual encounter, which statements are true?
• Probable cause can be established with physical evidence. Which of the following is a type of physical evidence listed?
• Excessive force claims are said to lie within which amendments?
• Which patrol pattern is good for urban areas?
• Which item is NOT listed as necessary in proactive patrol knowledge and skills?
• Which item is listed as an example of physical evidence that can support probable cause?
• VCIN provides access to which information?
• What is recommended for safety in proactive patrol?
• What describes a consecutive sentence?
• Which item is included in the vehicle check SOP?
• What are the three phases of a crash?
• General District Courts have jurisdiction over which matters?
• Deadly force may be used under which justification?
• Which statement about misdemeanors is true?
• NASCARS is used to collect what type of information?
• Reasonable suspicion for a stop is to suspect that a crime is occurring/just occurred/is about to occur.
• During a pat down, if a hard object is found that is believed to be a weapon, the officer may do what?
• Which statement describes the knowledge and skills needed in proactive patrol?
• During enforcement proactive patrol, which practice is recommended before approaching a suspicious person?
• NASCARS data collection includes which of the following elements?
• What does Title 18 Section 242 address?
• Which reformer is credited with introducing mobile patrol in the 1920s?
• Which description describes the two-accident scenario?
• Which statement correctly assigns governing authority for force rules at federal, state, and department levels?
• Which statement is true about VCIN requests?
• What are the three components of the driving triad?
• Class 4 Felony carries which punishment?
• Which area is not listed as impacted by constitutional guarantees for law enforcement in the material?
• Which is a key difference between 18 U.S.C. § 242 and § 241?
• Which scenario would be a key difference between sections 242 and 241?
• What area is protected by the Fourth Amendment?
• Which information is included in the indictment’s content?
• What is the title of the lawyer who represents the Commonwealth in criminal proceedings?
• Which option is NOT a part of the three interactions police can have?
• Bench trials double jeopardy attaches when?
• Which amendment protects against unreasonable searches and seizures?
• Which statement describes the Virginia appellate structure most accurately?
• General District Court handles which types of cases?
• Probable cause may be established through animals. Which type of evidence is described as signals for detection?
• Which statement accurately describes the elements of an attempt?
• Which of the following best represents the considerations in setting bail/bond?
• What is the purpose of NLETS?
• What best describes the standard for the good faith defense under Section 1983?
• Class 6 Felony may be punished as which of the following?
• Loitering ordinances apply to which group according to the material?
• Why is current information important for law enforcement officers?
• What does Title 18 Section 241 address?
• During a show-up procedure, which action should be avoided to prevent confirmation bias in victim identification?
• Under Virginia law, when can inmates sue for monetary damages?
• Punitive damages are intended to?
• In a misdemeanor case in Virginia, what is the first court step?
• What type of force are officers allowed to use?
• As an exception, double jeopardy allows separate prosecutions in federal and state courts for the same act.
• An officer can complete seizure via which methods?
• In the person check radio SOP, what information is required?
• Which offense is classified as a Class 3 Misdemeanor with a fine of up to $500?
• Probable cause to arrest requires which of the following?
• What are the two purposes of force?
• Right to counsel is guaranteed by which amendment?
• Which option correctly lists the three elements of the criminal justice system?
• Which of the following is listed as a type of physical evidence used to establish probable cause?
• Which action is part of the primary task at a crime scene?
• Which step involves documenting information during the encounter?
• Which is correct regarding the Common Language Policy for transmissions?
• Which of the following is listed as an area of law enforcement with potential liability?
• Which statement best defines an infraction?
• Which service provides mediation services for civil disputes?
• Reasonable Articulable Suspicion is defined as what percentage certainty?
• Which Supreme Court decision clarified suspects' rights during stops and questioning?
• Which is NOT a possible disposition when the Virginia Supreme Court grants an appeal?
• Which of the following is listed as an element of a civil tort?
• What is the typical punishment for a Class 1 Misdemeanor?
• Liability considerations for emergency driving?
• Under Title 42 Section 1983, a prevailing plaintiff may be entitled to which of the following?
• Which sequence describes the recommended steps when communicating with culturally diverse people?
• Which of the following describes a possible damages award in civil cases?
• Circuit Court has jurisdiction for which matters?
• Where is NLETS located?
• Under the Common Language Policy, transmissions may be combined with which element?
• Which statement about Circuit Court is correct?
• Letter of the law means?
• Eighth Amendment protects against?
• Which are the three areas of accountability mentioned for law enforcement?
• Which statement about the General District Court is accurate?
• What is a bailiff's primary role?
• Which statement best describes the good faith defense in a Section 1983 lawsuit?
• Who established standardized testing for law enforcement in the late 19th century in New York?
• What does Signal 2 indicate?
• Define a seizure as used in the material.
• When is a crime considered complete?
• What is the maximum fine for Class 1 Felony?
• Roll Call includes which of the following?
• Probable cause can be established through the officer via which factor?
• Which activity involves determining what happened in a crime?
• A protective pat-down during a lawful stop is permissible only when the officer has what?
• What authority does vehicle code 46.2-102 confer to law enforcement?
• In the context of Section 1983, deprivation of constitutional rights refers to what?
• Which statement about arrest standards is accurate?
• Is a chokehold considered lethal force?
• Punitive damages are typically awarded when which condition is met?
• What is the continuum of proof for a criminal case?
• Which statement most accurately describes a misdemeanor?
• Which item is included in VCIN information?
• Which statement accurately describes the concept of acting under color of law?
• Which historical figure is associated with the foundational principles of modern policing?
• Which statement is NOT a phase of a crash as defined in the material?
• Which item is NOT listed as part of a BOLO for a person?
• Which activity is prohibited by vehicle code 46.2-105.2?
• Which statement best describes a judge's responsibilities?
• What is the role of the Commonwealth's Attorney?
• What are the three interactions police can have with individuals?
• Which document formally charges a defendant with a felony?
• Which behavior is cited as a possible indicator of reasonable suspicion?
• What is the penalty for Class 2 Felony?
• Double jeopardy attaches in a jury trial when the jury is sworn in.
• Elements of attempt
• Which situation corresponds to a Signal 3?
• Which statement best describes probable cause for arrest?
• Indictment must be issued by what body?
• What does vehicle code 46.2-324 require?
• Which punishment corresponds to Class 1 Felony?
• Which is NOT a level of governance for rules governing force?
• What information is provided at indictment?
• Which factor constitutes reasonable suspicion?
• Probable cause may be established through other people. Which source is listed as an example?
• In NCIC Missing Persons, which category is defined as missing person deemed un-emancipated as defined by laws of their state of residence?
• What is the standard of proof in criminal cases?
• Class 5 Felony is punished as follows:
• What happens if magistrate refuses to issue arrest warrant for person in custody due to lack of probable cause?
• What are the legal considerations for emergency response driving?
• Under Terry v. Ohio, an officer may briefly stop a person if there is what?
• Who provides independent review of complaints brought by police, deputies, and citizens?
• In the radio SOP, which step follows 'Speak slow and clear'?
• What statement best describes the standard for determining what is "reasonable force"?
• Which is a step in the radio talk SOP?
• What does 'without the benefit of 20/20 hindsight' mean?
• In the step-by-step suspicious subject stop, what comes immediately after making contact with the subject?
• In the United States government, which branch is responsible for implementing laws and overseeing law enforcement?
• Title 42 Section 1983 addresses what primary concept?
• Which resource listed for maintaining knowledge of LE work is a legal code?
• Which statement best describes the Office of the Sheriff?
• Which option is NOT part of the objective reasonableness standard's three-prong test?
• What are the three sources of accountability law enforcement is subject to?
• Which statement correctly describes the qualifications of a judge in Virginia?
• What is the purpose of Signal 4?
• How is force defined in the material?
• Which patrol pattern is described as circular and suitable for foot or bike?
• Which offense carries a fine of up to $250?
• US District Court is the federal equivalent of which Virginia court?
• In a chain reaction crash, where one impact leads to another and the sequence continues, how many accidents are counted?
• In NCIC Missing Persons, which category is used when the missing person is in the company of another person under circumstances indicating that their physical safety is in danger?
• Which term refers to the 'act of the crime' required to satisfy the physical element in criminal conduct?
• In the step-by-step suspicious subject stop, when is a person check run on radio?
• What action follows breaking contact with the subject?
• Spirit of the law means?
• Which of the following reflects a furtive gesture that may fuel suspicion?
• Which action represents a typical civil remedy to obtain monetary damages?
• In the described search procedure, which area is searched immediately after the mouth?
• Which is the first prong of the objective reasonableness standard's three-prong test?
• Which of the following is NOT a bond condition?
• Why is it important for law enforcement personnel to maintain knowledge of LE work?
• Reasonable suspicion for a frisk is to suspect that a person is armed and presently dangerous.
• The Fourth Amendment's two key provisions include which of the following?